What it means
うが expresses that the main result remains unchanged regardless of a condition, degree, identity, or possible outcome. It is formed with the volitional form of a verb, or with かろう and であろう for adjectives and nouns. The construction is formal and often appears in written argument, announcements, and carefully structured speech. It can introduce a single extreme condition or be repeated in a pattern such as ～うが～まいが.
Usage note
うが is considerably more formal than ても or たとえ～ても. With verbs, do not attach it directly to the dictionary form; use the volitional form, such as 起ころうが. For a noun or a na-adjective, use であろうが.
How to use it
彼が専門家であろうが、私はデータを検証します。
No matter whether he is an expert, I will verify the data.
計画が複雑であろうが、全員に手順を説明します。
No matter how complicated the plan may be, I will explain the procedure to everyone.
状況がどれほど厳しかろうが、救援を続けます。
No matter how severe the situation may be, I will continue the relief effort.
どれほど批判されようが、私は方針を変えません。
No matter how much I am criticized, I will not change my policy.
彼が専門家であろうが、私はデータを検証する。
No matter whether he is an expert, I will verify the data.
計画が複雑であろうが、全員に手順を説明する。
No matter how complicated the plan may be, I will explain the procedure to everyone.
状況がどれほど厳しかろうが、救援を続ける。
No matter how severe the situation may be, I will continue the relief effort.
どれほど批判されようが、私は方針を変えない。
No matter how much I am criticized, I will not change my policy.
Example sentences
どれほど反対されようが、地域の記録を後世に残すという方針は変わらない。
No matter how strongly it is opposed, the policy of preserving the region's records for future generations will not change.
結果が成功であろうが失敗であろうが、実験の記録はすべて保存しなければならない。
Whether the result is a success or a failure, all records of the experiment must be preserved.
計画