What it means
末に expresses a result reached after a long, difficult, or repeated process. It is used with a noun followed by の or with the ta-form of a verb, and it often highlights that considerable effort, deliberation, or trial and error came before the final outcome. The outcome may be positive or negative, but the construction usually presents it as the conclusion of that process rather than as an immediate result.
Usage note
末に is normally used for a substantial process and is not natural for a brief or routine action. With a verb, use the ta-form before 末に; do not use the dictionary form. It can resemble あげくに, but あげくに more often emphasizes an undesirable or disappointing result, whereas 末に is comparatively neutral.
How to use it
長い話し合いの末に、双方は新しい契約に合意しました。
After lengthy discussions, both sides agreed to a new contract.
何度も試した末に、研究チームは原因を突き止めました。
After trying many times, the research team identified the cause.
長い話し合いの末に、双方は新しい契約に合意した。
After lengthy discussions, both sides agreed to a new contract.
何度も試した末に、研究チームは原因を突き止めた。
After trying many times, the research team identified the cause.